[플라즈마 물리][Plasma Physics]Introduction

Introduction to Plasma

\(\bullet\) We are surrounded by plasmas starting from the ionosphere a hundred kilometers above us, which is connected to the sun via the plasma of the solar wind.

\(\bullet\) The very tenuous interstellar space is a plasma and so are the largest objects that emit x-rays in the universe.

Plasma State

\(\bullet\) Plasma is a fundamental state of matter: by heating the mater changes from a solid \(\rightarrow\) liquid \(\rightarrow\) gas \(\rightarrow\) plasma.

\(\bullet\) When gas is heated above a certain temperature, or it is subject to strong electromagnetic fields, it gets ionized, and a transition towards the so-called fourth state of matter(coined by W.crookes in 1879), plasma state, is observed.

\(\bullet\) Compare

• Ancient: Universe - Earth, water, air, fire

• Modern: Universe - solid, liquid, gas, plasma

\(\bullet\) Plasma: Introduced by Tonks and Irving Langmuir(Nobel Prize winner) in 1928.

\(\bullet\) Plasma: Greek words - moldable substacne; jelly.

\(\bullet\) Plasma ionized gas with \(n_e = n_i\); macroscopically charged neutral. Much more complicated than many single charged particle becuase of collective effects.

Definition of Plasma

\(\bullet\) The ensemble of freely moving charged particles of both signs, i.e., ionized gas, can be considered as plasma if the Debye length is small compared with dimensions of the volume occupied by the gas. (Langmuir)

\(\bullet\) A plasma is a quasi-neutral gas of charged and neutral particles which exhibits collective behavior (F.F. Chen)

\(\bullet\) A plasma is a gas of charged particles, in which the potential energy of a typical particle due to its nearest neighbor is much smaller than its kinetic energy. (D. R. Nicholson)

\(\bullet\) A plasma may be roughly defined as a system containing mobile charges, in which the electric and magnetic interactions between particles play a dominant role in the dynamics of the systems. (J. M. Dawson)

\(\bullet\) A plasma is collection of charged particles, usually of opposite sign, that tends to be electrically neutral. We often describe a plasma as the fourth state of matter. Adding energy to a solid melts it and it becomes a liquid; adding energy to a liquid boils it and ib becomes a gas; adding energy to a gas ionizes it and it becomes a plasma. (J. L. Shohet)

\(\bullet\)The plasma state is a characteriza

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[플라즈마 물리][Plasma Physics]Debye Shielding 디바이 차폐

Example Problem: Debye Shielding
Consider a positive point charge immersed in a plasma as we discussed in the class. Show that the net charge in the Debye shielding cloud exactly cancels the test charge. Assume that the ions are fixed and that \(e\phi << KT_e\). Note that we assumed that ion distribution is similar to that of the electrons in the class.

Answer:

While deriving, we assume potential to be

\[\begin{aligned} \frac{e\phi}{KT_e} << 1 \quad \quad \quad n_i \simeq n_e\\ \lambda_D = \sqrt{\frac{\epsilon KT}{ne^2}}\\ \phi(r) = \frac{e}{4\pi\epsilon_0 r }e^{-\frac{r}{\lambda_D}}\end{aligned}\]

Assume \(\frac{m_i}{m_e} \rightarrow \infty\) so that ions are fixed; \(n_i(r)=n\). Further assume electrons obey the Boltzmann distribution.

\[\begin{aligned} f(u) &= A e^{\frac{\frac{-1}{2}mv^2 + q\phi}{KT_e}}\\ n_e(r) &= ne^{\frac{e\phi(r)}{K_B T}}\end{aligned}\]

\[\begin{aligned} \rho &= -e(n_i - n_e) \\ &=-e \left(n - ne^{\frac{e\phi(r)}{K_BT}} \right)\\ &= ne \left(e^{\frac{e\phi(r)}{K_BT}} - 1 \right)\\\end{aligned}\]

for \(\frac{e\phi}{KT_e} << 1\),

\[\begin{aligned} e^{\frac{e\phi(r)}{K_B T}} = 1 + \frac{1}{2}\frac{e\phi(r)}{K_B T} + ...\end{aligned}\]

\[\begin{aligned} \rho &= ne(1+\frac{e\phi(r)}{K_B T} - 1) \\ &=\frac{ne^2 \phi(r)}{K_B T} \\ &= \frac{\epsilon_0}{\lambda_D^2}\phi(r)\end{aligned}\]

\[\begin{aligned} \int \rho dv &= Q \\ &= \int_V \frac{\epsilon_0}{\lambda_D^2}\frac{e}{4\pi\epsilon_0 r }e^{-\frac{r}{\lambda_D}} r^2 \sin\theta dr d\theta d\phi\\ &= \int \frac{4\pi \epsilon_0}{\lambda_D^2}\frac{e}{4\pi \epsilon_0} r e^{-\frac{r}{\lambda_D}}dr \\ &= \frac{e}{\lambda_D^2} \int_{0}^{\infty} r e^{-\frac{r}{\lambda_D}}dr \\ &= \frac{e}{\lambda_D^2} (\lambda_D^2 e^{-\frac{r}{\lambda_D}}-\lambda_D r e^{-\frac{r}{\lambda_D}}) =0\end{aligned}\]

On the last step, when \(r = \lambda_D\), charge becomes zero. Hence, the Debye sheilding cloud exactly cancels the test charge.

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[플라즈마 물리]F.F. Chen Problem 1.5 Solution Debye Shielding

Problem In a strictly steady state situation both the ions and the electrons will follow the Boltzmann relation

\[n_i = n_0 e^{\frac{-q_i \phi }{KT_i}}\]

For the case of an infinite, transparent grid charged to a potential \(\phi\), show that the shielding distance is then given approximately by

\[\lambda_D^{-2} = \frac{ne^2}{\epsilon_0} \left( \frac{1}{KT_e} + \frac{1}{KT_i} \right)\]

Answer

\[\begin{aligned} \nabla \cdot \vec{E} &=\frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} = \frac{e}{\epsilon_0}(n_i - n_e) \nonumber \\ &= - \frac{e}{\epsilon_0} n_0 \left( e^{-\frac{e\phi}{KT_i}} - e^{\frac{e\phi}{KT_e}} \right) \nonumber \\ &= - \frac{e}{\epsilon_0} n_0 \left( 1 -\frac{e\phi}{KT_i} - 1 - \frac{e\phi}{KT_e} \right) \nonumber \\ \frac{d^2 \phi }{dx^2 }&=\frac{e^2 n_0}{\epsilon_0}\left( \frac{1}{KT_i} + \frac{1}{KT_e} \right) \phi \nonumber\end{aligned}\]

Hence,

\[\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{\lambda_D^2} = \frac{e^2 n_0}{\epsilon_0}\left( \frac{1}{KT_i} + \frac{1}{KT_e} \right) \nonumber\end{aligned}\]

\[\lambda_D = \sqrt{\left( \frac{\epsilon_0 K T_e T_i}{ne^2 (T_i + T_e)} \right)}\]

• \(T_i << T_e \quad \quad \lambda_D \simeq \sqrt{\left( \frac{\epsilon_0 K T_i}{ne^2} \right)}\)

• \(T_e << T_i \quad \quad \lambda_D \simeq \sqrt{\left( \frac{\epsilon_0 K T_e}{ne^2} \right)}\)

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[플라즈마물리]Single Particle Motion - E cross B drift

Problem Consider a particle of charge \(q\) and mass \(m\), initially at rest at (0,0,0), in the presence of a static magntic field \(\vec{B}=B\hat{z}\) and \(\vec{E}=E\hat{y}\).

(a) Taking \(E, B > 0\), sketch the orbit of the particle when \(q>0\).

(b) Derive an exact expression for the orbit \([x(t),y(t),z(t)]\) or the particle. Express your answer in terms of \(E\), \(B\), and \(\omega_c\)

(c) Find the drift velocity after averaging the motion in time. If there were many particles of various charges and masses present, would there be any net current?

(d) Suppose the electric field were replaced by a force \(F\) in the \(y\)-direction. What would be the drift velocity?

Answer (a)

Answer (b)

\(\vec{B}=B\hat{z}\) and \(\vec{E}=E\hat{y}\). From Lorentz equation,

\[m\frac{dv}{dt}=q(\vec{E} + \vec{v}\times \vec{B})\]

\[\begin{aligned} \dot{v_x}&= \quad \quad \quad \quad \frac{q}{m}v_y B \nonumber \\ \dot{v_y}&= \frac{q}{m}\vec{E_y} - \frac{q}{m}v_xB \nonumber \\ \dot{v_z}&= 0\end{aligned}\]

In z-direction \[z(t) = constant = 0\]

\[\begin{aligned} \frac{dv_x}{dt} &= \frac{qB}{m}v_y = \omega_c v_y \nonumber \\ \frac{dv_y}{dt} &= \frac{qE}{m}-\frac{qB}{m}v_x = \frac{qE_y}{m}-\omega_c v_x \nonumber\end{aligned}\]

\[\begin{aligned} \frac{d^2 v_y}{dt^2} &= -\omega_c^2 v_y \nonumber \\ \frac{d^2 v_x}{dt^2} &= -\omega_c^2 \left(v_x-\frac{E}{B} \right) \nonumber\end{aligned}\]

since \(\frac{E}{B}\) is constant, \[\frac{d^2}{dt^2} \left[ v_x-\frac{E}{B} \right] = \frac{d^2 v_x}{dt^2} = -\omega_c^2 \left(v_x-\frac{E}{B} \right)\]

\[\begin{aligned} v_x &= iv_{\perp}e^{i\omega_c t} + \frac{E}{B}\nonumber \\ v_y &= v_{\perp}e^{i\omega_c t} \nonumber \end{aligned}\]

\[\begin{aligned} x(t) &= x(0) + r_L \cos{\omega_c t} +\frac{E}{B}t \nonumber \\ y(t) &= y(0) + r_L \sin{\omega_c t} \nonumber \end{aligned}\]

Answer (c)

\[<v_d> = \frac{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}v_d f(v) dv}{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(v) dv} = \frac{E}{B}\]

There will be no current because \(\vec{E} \times \vec{B}\) drifts the ions and electrons in the same direction.

Answer (d)

\[\begin{aligned} \vec{v_f}&= \frac{1}{q} \frac{\vec{F} \times \vec{B}}{B^2} \nonumber \\ &=\frac{FE}{qB}\hat{y}\end{aligned}\]

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[플라즈마 물리]Normalization Constant & Average Kinetic Energy

Problem The 3D Maxwellian distribution is given by
\[f(\vec{v}) = A_3 e^{\left( -\frac{m(v_x^2 + v_y^2 + v_z^2)}{2KT} \right)}\]
with \[n = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(\vec{v})dv_x dv_y dv_z\]
(a) Show that the normalization constant is given by \[A_3 = n \left( \frac{m}{2\pi KT} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}}\]
(b) Show that the average kinetic energy is \[E_{av} = \frac{3}{2}KT\]
Answer (a)

Notice that
\[\begin{aligned} \label{eq_gauss} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-ax^2}dx = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a}}\end{aligned}\]
\[\begin{aligned} n &= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(\vec{v})dv_x dv_y dv_z \nonumber \\ &= A_3 \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{ -\frac{m(v_x^2)}{2KT}}dv_x \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{ -\frac{m(v_y^2)}{2KT}}dv_y \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{ -\frac{m(v_z^2)}{2KT}}dv_z \nonumber \\ &= A_3 \left( \sqrt{\frac{ 2 K T \pi}{m}} \right)^{3}\end{aligned}\]
Hence,
\[A_3 = n \left( \frac{m}{2\pi KT} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}}\]
Answer (b)

Average energy can be calculated as
\[\begin{aligned} E_{av} &= \frac{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2}mv^2 f(\vec{v})dv}{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(\vec{v})dv} \nonumber \\ &=\frac{m}{2n}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} (v_x^2 + v_y^2 + v_z^2) A_3 e^{ -\frac{m(v_x^2 + v_y^2 + v_z^2)}{2KT} }dv\end{aligned}\]
The denominator is \(n\) as we calculated in previous problem. Notice that, \[\int x^2 e^{-ax^2}dx = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^3}}\]
If we calculate the first term of equation,
\[\begin{aligned} E_{av_x} &= \frac{m}{2n} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} A_3(v_x^2 ) e^{ -\frac{m(v_x^2 + v_y^2 + v_z^2)}{2KT} }dv_x \nonumber \\ &=\frac{m}{2n}n \left( \frac{m}{2\pi KT} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}} \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{2 KT}{m} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}}\sqrt{\pi}\frac{2KT \pi}{m} \nonumber \\ &=\frac{1}{2}KT\end{aligned}\]
Hence, if we calculate \(v_y\) and \(v_z\) components, final result becomes \[E_{av} = \frac{3}{2}KT\]
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