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[플라즈마 물리][Plasma Physics]CH1 Introduction - Plasma Frequency
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Plasma Frequency
Consider a hypothetical slab of plasma, where we assume that the ions have infinite mass(immobile) and the electrons can move freely through the ions.
Suppose the electron slab is displaced a distance \(x\) to the right of the ion slab and then allowed to move freely.
An electric field will be set up, causing the electron slab to be pulled back toward the ions.
When the electrons exactly overlap the ions (when \(x=0\)), the net force is zero, but the electron slab overshoots.
The net result is harmonic oscillation. The frequency of the oscillation is called the electron plasma frequency.
Derivation for Plasma Frequency
From Gauss’s law,
\[\oint \vec{D} \cdot d\vec{a} = Q\]
we have
\[\epsilon_0 EA = neAx\]
or
\[E=\frac{nex}{\epsilon_0}\]
Since the force is given by
\[F=QE=(-neAx)(\frac{nex}{\epsilon_0})=nAxm_e \frac{d^2x}{dt^2}\]
we obtain the equation of motion
\[\begin{aligned} \frac{d^2x}{dt^2} = - \left( \frac{ne^2}{m_e \epsilon_0} \right) x\end{aligned}\]
or
\[\begin{aligned} \frac{d^2x}{dt^2} +\omega_{pe}^2x=0\end{aligned}\]
where
\[\begin{aligned} \boxed{\omega_{pe}=\sqrt{\frac{ne^2}{m_e \epsilon_0}}}\end{aligned}\]
This is electron plasma frequency.
\(\bullet\) If there are no collisions, the disturbance will oscillate indefinitely.
\(\bullet\) Debye length, thermal velocity, and plasma frequency are inter-related.
\[\frac{v_{th}}{\omega_{pe}}=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{K_BT}{m}}}{\sqrt{\frac{ne^2}{m\epsilon_0}}}=\sqrt{\frac{\epsilon_0 KT}{ne^2}}=\lambda_D\]
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2018년 4월 17일 화요일
[플라즈마 물리][Plasma Physics]CH1 Introduction - Plasma Parameter
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Plasma Parameter
\(\bullet\) The plasma parameter is defined as
\[\begin{aligned} \boxed{ N_D =n\frac{4}{3}\pi \lambda_D^3 }=1.38 \times 10^6 \frac{T^{\frac{3}{2}}}{n^{\frac{1}{2}}} [T](in^{\circ}K)\end{aligned}\]
which is the number of plasma particles in a Debye sphere.
\(\bullet\) For Debye shielding to occur, and for the description of a plasma to be statistically meaningful, the number of particles in a Debye sphere must be large; that is \(N_D>>1\)
\(\bullet\) Plasma parameter is a measure of the ratio of the mean plasma kinetic energy to potential energy.
\[\frac{K.E.}{P.E.} \simeq \frac{\frac{3}{2}K_BT}{\frac{e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 \lambda_D}} \simeq \frac{9}{2}N_D >> 1\]
\(\bullet\) Thus \(N_D>>1\) means that the potential energy of a particle due to its nearest neighbor is much smaller than its kinetic energy. If this were not the case, there would be a strong tendency for electrons and ions to bind together into atoms, thus destroying the plasma.
\(\bullet\) An ideal gas corresponds to zero potential energy between the particles. Since the plasma parameter is large, the plasma may be treated as an ideal gas of charged particles, that is, a gas that can have a charge density and electric field but in which no two discrete particles interact.
\(\bullet\) In deriving the Debye potential, we assumed that the electrostatic energy was small compared to the thermal energy. The largeness of the plasma parameter guarantees the validity of the Debye potential.
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2018년 4월 12일 목요일
[플라즈마 물리][Plasma Physics]Introduction
Introduction to Plasma
\(\bullet\) We are surrounded by plasmas starting from the ionosphere a hundred kilometers above us, which is connected to the sun via the plasma of the solar wind.
\(\bullet\) The very tenuous interstellar space is a plasma and so are the largest objects that emit x-rays in the universe.
Plasma State
\(\bullet\) Plasma is a fundamental state of matter: by heating the mater changes from a solid \(\rightarrow\) liquid \(\rightarrow\) gas \(\rightarrow\) plasma.
\(\bullet\) When gas is heated above a certain temperature, or it is subject to strong electromagnetic fields, it gets ionized, and a transition towards the so-called fourth state of matter(coined by W.crookes in 1879), plasma state, is observed.
\(\bullet\) Compare
Ancient: Universe - Earth, water, air, fire
Modern: Universe - solid, liquid, gas, plasma
\(\bullet\) Plasma: Introduced by Tonks and Irving Langmuir(Nobel Prize winner) in 1928.
\(\bullet\) Plasma: Greek words - moldable substacne; jelly.
\(\bullet\) Plasma ionized gas with \(n_e = n_i\); macroscopically charged neutral. Much more complicated than many single charged particle becuase of collective effects.
Definition of Plasma
\(\bullet\) The ensemble of freely moving charged particles of both signs, i.e., ionized gas, can be considered as plasma if the Debye length is small compared with dimensions of the volume occupied by the gas. (Langmuir)
\(\bullet\) A plasma is a quasi-neutral gas of charged and neutral particles which exhibits collective behavior (F.F. Chen)
\(\bullet\) A plasma is a gas of charged particles, in which the potential energy of a typical particle due to its nearest neighbor is much smaller than its kinetic energy. (D. R. Nicholson)
\(\bullet\) A plasma may be roughly defined as a system containing mobile charges, in which the electric and magnetic interactions between particles play a dominant role in the dynamics of the systems. (J. M. Dawson)
\(\bullet\) A plasma is collection of charged particles, usually of opposite sign, that tends to be electrically neutral. We often describe a plasma as the fourth state of matter. Adding energy to a solid melts it and it becomes a liquid; adding energy to a liquid boils it and ib becomes a gas; adding energy to a gas ionizes it and it becomes a plasma. (J. L. Shohet)
\(\bullet\)The plasma state is a characteriza
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